How do sprites form

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They used the model to recreate how sprites are formed, using it to see how the streamers originated and how large the plasma irregularities were.

Several sources could be causing these irregularities in the plasma. The existence of a previous sprite is the most obvious, but there were none that occurred in the region studied that occurred close enough in time — unless the irregularities last much longer than scientists suspect.

Alternatively, meteors could cause irregularities as they move through the upper regions of the ionosphere, before burning up in the lower atmosphere due to friction. The high-speed videos and models could be useful to do remote sensing of the ionosphere, to understand how natural phenomena impact long-range radio communication, the researchers said. Live Science. Laser Phys. Bell T. Pasko and U. Inan, Runaway electrons as a source of red sprites in the mesosphere. Boccippio D. Williams, S.

Heckman, W. Lyons, I. Baker and R. Boldi, Sprites, ELF transients and positive ground strokes. Science , Cummer S. Inan, T. Bell and C. Barrington-Leigh, ELF radiation produced by electrical currents in sprites. Current moment in sprite-producing lightning.

Frey, S. Mende; R. Hsu, H. Su, A. Chen, H. Fukunishi and Y. Takahashi, Simultaneous radio and satellite optical measurements of high-altitude sprite current and lightning continuing current. Dowden R. Brundell, C. Rodger, O. Mochanov, W. Lyons and T. Nelson, The structure of red sprites determined by VLF scattering. IEEE Antenn. Franz R. Nemzek and J. Winckler, Television image of a large upward electric discharge above a thunderstorm system.

Fukunishi, H. Takahashi, M. Kubota, K. Sakanoi, U. Inan and W. Lyons, Lower ionospheric flashes induced by lightning discharges. Fullekrug M. Elementary model of sprite igniting electric fields. Gurevich A. Zybin, Runaway breakdown and electric discharges in thunderstorms. Huang E. Williams, R. Boldy, S. Lyons, M. Taylor, T. Nelson and C. Wong, Criteria for sprites and elves based on Schumann resonance observations. Leise J. Taylor, A transmission line model with general velocities for lightning.

Cummer, Measurement of sprite streamer acceleration and deceleration. McHarg M. Halland, D. Moudry and H. Stenbaek-Nielsen, Altitude-time development of sprites. DOI: Moudry, D. Stenbaek-Nielsen, D. Sentman and E. Wescott, Velocities of sprite tendrils. Pasko V. Inan, Y. Taranenko and T. Bell, Heating, ionization and upward discharges in the mesosphere due to intense quasi-electrostatic thunder-cloud fields.

Sprites produced by quasi-electrostatic heating and ionization in the lower ionosphere. Petrov N.